<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2020-4-396-411</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-1432</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Theory of Computing</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О моделировании последовательных реагирующих систем при помощи автоматов, работающих в реальном времени</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the Modeling of Sequential Reactive Systems by Means of Real Time Automata</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7328-0942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Винарский</surname><given-names>Евгений Максимович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vinarskii</surname><given-names>Evgeney Maximovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vinevg2015@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3794-9565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Владимир Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>Vladimir Anatolyevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор физико-математических наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of sciences, professor</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zakh@cs.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>27</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>396</fpage><lpage>411</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Винарский Е.М., Захаров В.А., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Винарский Е.М., Захаров В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vinarskii E.M., Zakharov V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1432">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1432</self-uri><abstract><p>Последовательные реагирующие системы включают в себя устройства и программы, вычисления которых состоят в непрерывном взаимодействии с внешней средой, от которой они получают потоки входных сигналов (данных, команд) и в ответ на них формируют потоки выходных сигналов. К системам такого вида относятся контроллеры, сетевые коммутаторы, интерпретаторы программ, системные драйверы. Поведение некоторых реагирующих систем определяется не только последовательностью значений входных сигналов, но также временем их поступления на вход системы и задержками вычисления выходных сигналов. Эти особенности вычисления реагирующих систем хорошо учитываются вычислительными моделями реального времени, к числу которых относятся, в частности, конечные автоматы-преобразователи реального времени (Timed Finite State Machines, TFSMs). Однако в большинстве работ, посвященных изучению этой модели вычислений, используется упрощенная семантика TFSMs: элементы выходного потока, независимо от сопутствующих пометок времени, располагаются в том же порядке, в котором следуют соответствующие им элементы входного потока. Такое упрощение семантики делает модель менее адекватной для многих приложений, но зато облегчает решение задач анализа и преобразования таких автоматов. В данной статье мы изучаем модель TFSM с более реалистичной семантикой. Переход к новой модели TFSM требует и новых подходов к решению задачи верификации автоматов в этой модели. Для этой цели мы предлагаем альтернативное определение вычислений TFSM с использованием размеченных систем переходов и показываем, что два определения семантики для рассматриваемого класса автоматов реального времени хорошо взаимосвязаны друг с другом. Использование семантики TFSM, основанной на размеченных системах переходов, открывает возможность применения ранее известных методов верификации систем вычислений реального времени для анализа поведения последовательных реагирующих систем.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Sequential reactive systems include hardware devices and software programs which operate in continuous interaction with the external environment, from which they receive streams of input signals (data, commands) and in response to them form streams of output signals. Systems of this type include controllers, network switches, program interpreters, system drivers. The behavior of some reactive systems is determined not only by the sequence of values of input signals, but also by the time of their arrival at the inputs of the system and the delays in computing the output signals. These aspects of reactive system computations are taken into account by real-time models of computation which include, in particular, realtime finite state machines (TFSMs). However, in most works where this class of real-time automata is studied a simple variant of TFSM semantics is used: the transduction relation computed by a TFSM is defined so that the elements of an output stream, regardless oftheir timestamps, follow in the same order as the corresponding elements ofthe input stream. This straightforward approach makes the model easier to analyze and manipulate, but it misses many important features of real-time computation. In this paper we study a more realistic semantics of TFSMs and show how to represent it by means of Labeled Transition Systems. The use of the new TFSM model also requires new approaches to the solution of verification problems in the framework of this model. For this purpose, we propose an alternative definition of TFSM computations by means of Labeled Transition Systems and show that the two definitions of semantics for the considered class of real-time finite state machines are in good agreement with each other. The use of TFSM semantics based on Labeled Transition Systems opens up the possibility of adapting well known real-time model checking techniques to the verification ofsequential reactive systems.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>реагирующая система</kwd><kwd>конечный автомат</kwd><kwd>верификация</kwd><kwd>свойство безопасности</kwd><kwd>размеченная система переходов</kwd><kwd>симуляция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reactive system</kwd><kwd>finite state machine</kwd><kwd>verification</kwd><kwd>security property</kwd><kwd>labeled transition system</kwd><kwd>simulation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">РФФИ, проект № 18-01-00854</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">RFBR, project 18-01-00854</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Gill et al., «Introduction to the Theory of Finite-state Machines», 1962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Gill et al., «Introduction to the Theory of Finite-state Machines», 1962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Y. Savelev, «Prikladnaya teoriya cifrovyh avtomatov», 1987, In Russian.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Y. Savelev, «Prikladnaya teoriya cifrovyh avtomatov», 1987, In Russian.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Alur and D. Dill, «A theory of timed automata», Theoretical computer science, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 183-235, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Alur and D. Dill, «A theory of timed automata», Theoretical computer science, vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 183-235, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Asarin, P. Caspi, and O. Maler, «Timed regular expressions», Journal of the ACM, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1-35, 2001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Asarin, P. Caspi, and O. Maler, «Timed regular expressions», Journal of the ACM, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 1-35, 2001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Asarin, P. Caspi, and O. Maler, «A Kleene theorem for timed automata», in Proceedings of 12-th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS'97), IEEE, 1997, pp. 160-171.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Asarin, P. Caspi, and O. Maler, «A Kleene theorem for timed automata», in Proceedings of 12-th Annual IEEE Symposium on Logic in Computer Science (LICS'97), IEEE, 1997, pp. 160-171.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Alur and P. Madhusudan, «Decision Problems for Timed Automata: A Survey, Formal Methods for the Design of Real-Time Systems», in Proceedings of the 4-th International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems (SFM'04), Springer, 2004, pp. 1-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Alur and P. Madhusudan, «Decision Problems for Timed Automata: A Survey, Formal Methods for the Design of Real-Time Systems», in Proceedings of the 4-th International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems (SFM'04), Springer, 2004, pp. 1-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Lasota and I. Walukiewicz, «Alternating timed automata», ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (TOCL), vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1-26, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Lasota and I. Walukiewicz, «Alternating timed automata», ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (TOCL), vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 1-26, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Gromov, K. El-Fakih, N. Shabaldina, and N. Yevtushenko, «Distinguing Non-deterministic Timed Finite State Machines», in Formal Techniques for Distributed Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5522, Springer, 2009, pp. 137-151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Gromov, K. El-Fakih, N. Shabaldina, and N. Yevtushenko, «Distinguing Non-deterministic Timed Finite State Machines», in Formal Techniques for Distributed Systems, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5522, Springer, 2009, pp. 137-151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. G. Merayo, M. Nunez, and I. Rodriguez, «Formal testing from timed finite state machines», Computer networks, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 432-460, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. G. Merayo, M. Nunez, and I. Rodriguez, «Formal testing from timed finite state machines», Computer networks, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 432-460, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Bresolin, K. El-Fakih, T. Villa, and N. Yevtushenko, «Deterministic Timed Finite State Machines: Equivalence Checking and Expressive Power», Proceedings of the 5-th International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics and Formal Verification, pp. 203-216, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Bresolin, K. El-Fakih, T. Villa, and N. Yevtushenko, «Deterministic Timed Finite State Machines: Equivalence Checking and Expressive Power», Proceedings of the 5-th International Symposium on Games, Automata, Logics and Formal Verification, pp. 203-216, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Tvardovskii and N. Yevtushenko, «Minimizing timed Finite State Machines», Tomsk State University Journal of Controland Computer Science, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 77-83, 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Tvardovskii and N. Yevtushenko, «Minimizing timed Finite State Machines», Tomsk State University Journal of Controland Computer Science, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 77-83, 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. S. Tvardovskii, N. V. Yevtushenko, and M. L. Gromov, «Minimizing finite state machines with time guards and timeouts», Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 139-154, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. S. Tvardovskii, N. V. Yevtushenko, and M. L. Gromov, «Minimizing finite state machines with time guards and timeouts», Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 139-154, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. S. Tvardovskii and N. V. Yevtushenko, «Deriving homing sequences for Finite State Machines with timed guards», Sistemnaya informatika, vol. 17, pp. 1-10, 2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. S. Tvardovskii and N. V. Yevtushenko, «Deriving homing sequences for Finite State Machines with timed guards», Sistemnaya informatika, vol. 17, pp. 1-10, 2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">N. McKeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. Peterson, J. Rexford, S. Shenker, and J. Turner, «OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks», ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 69-74, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">N. McKeown, T. Anderson, H. Balakrishnan, G. Parulkar, L. Peterson, J. Rexford, S. Shenker, and J. Turner, «OpenFlow: enabling innovation in campus networks», ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 69-74, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Vinarskii, J. Lopez, N. Kushik, N. Yevtushenko, and D. Zeghlache, «A Model Checking Based Approach for Detecting SDN Races», in Proceedings of the 31-st IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Testing Software and Systems (ICTSS), Springer, 2019, pp. 194-211.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Vinarskii, J. Lopez, N. Kushik, N. Yevtushenko, and D. Zeghlache, «A Model Checking Based Approach for Detecting SDN Races», in Proceedings of the 31-st IFIP WG 6.1 International Conference on Testing Software and Systems (ICTSS), Springer, 2019, pp. 194-211.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Vinarskii and V. A. Zakharov, «On the verification of strictly deterministic behavior of Timed Finite State Machines», Proceedings of ISP RAS, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 325-340, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Vinarskii and V. A. Zakharov, «On the verification of strictly deterministic behavior of Timed Finite State Machines», Proceedings of ISP RAS, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 325-340, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Baier and J.-P. Katoen, Principles ofmodel checking. Cambridge: MIT Press Cambridge, 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Baier and J.-P. Katoen, Principles ofmodel checking. Cambridge: MIT Press Cambridge, 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. Behrmann, A. David, and K. G. Larsen, «A tutorial on Uppaal», in Proceedings of the International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems, Springer, 2004, pp. 200-236.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G. Behrmann, A. David, and K. G. Larsen, «A tutorial on Uppaal», in Proceedings of the International School on Formal Methods for the Design of Computer, Communication, and Software Systems, Springer, 2004, pp. 200-236.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
