<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2021-1-22-37</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-1470</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Algorithms</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>NP-полнота задачи о минимальном остовном дереве в кратном графе кратности k ≥ 3</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>NP-completeness of the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem of a Multiple Graph of Multiplicity k ≥ 3</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-2507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Alexander Valeryevich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат физико-математических наук, доцент, кафедра теоретической информатики</p><p>ул. Советская, 14, г. Ярославль, 150003</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Theoretical Computer Science</p><p>14 Sovetskaya, Yaroslavl 150003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexander_sm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ярославский государственный университет им. П. Г. Демидова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнов А.В., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1470">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1470</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются неориентированные кратные графы произвольной натуральной кратности k &gt; 1. Кратный граф содержит ребра трех типов: обычные, кратные и мультиребра. Ребра последних двух типов представляют собой объединение k связанных ребер, которые соединяют 2 или (k + 1) вершину соответственно. Связанные ребра могут использоваться только согласованно. Если вершина инцидентна кратному ребру, то она может быть инцидентна другим кратным ребрам, а также она может быть общим концом k связанных ребер мультиребра. Если вершина является общим концом мультиребра, то она не может быть общим концом никакого другого мультиребра. Кратное дерево определяется как связный кратный граф без циклов. В отличие от обычных деревьев количество ребер в кратных деревьях не фиксировано. Для кратного графа можно поставить задачу поиска его остовного дерева. Среди всех остовных деревьев в кратном графе выделяется особый класс – полные остовные деревья. Кратный путь между любой парой вершин в таком дереве существует тогда и только тогда, когда кратный путь между ними существует в исходном графе. Если кратный граф является взвешенным, то для него можно поставить задачу о минимальном остовном дереве, а также о минимальном полном остовном дереве. Кроме того, можно сформулировать задачи распознавания остовного и полного остовного дерева ограниченного веса. Основным результатом данной статьи является доказательство того, что указанные задачи распознавания являются NP-полными как в случае произвольных, так и в случае делимых кратных графов, если кратность k ≥ 3. Соответствующие оптимизационные задачи являются NP-трудными.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, we study undirected multiple graphs of any natural multiplicity k &gt; 1. There are edges of three types: ordinary edges, multiple edges and multi-edges. Each edge of the last two types is a union of k linked edges, which connect 2 or (k + 1) vertices correspondingly. The linked edges should be used simultaneously. If a vertex is incident to a multiple edge, it can be also incident to other multiple edges and it can be the common end of k linked edges of some multi-edge. If a vertex is the common end of some multi-edge, it cannot be the common end of another multi-edge. A multiple tree is a connected multiple graph with no cycles. Unlike ordinary trees, the number of edges in a multiple tree is not fixed. The problem of finding the spanning tree can be set for a multiple graph. Complete spanning trees form a special class of spanning trees of a multiple graph. Their peculiarity is that a multiple path joining any two selected vertices exists in the tree if and only if such a path exists in the initial graph. If the multiple graph is weighted, the minimum spanning tree problem and the minimum complete spanning tree problem can be set. Also we can formulate the problems of recognition of the spanning tree and complete spanning tree of the limited weight. The main result of this article is the proof of NPcompleteness of such recognition problems for arbitrary multiple graphs as well as for divisible multiple graphs in the case when multiplicity k ≥ 3. The corresponding optimization problems are NP-hard.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кратный граф</kwd><kwd>кратное дерево</kwd><kwd>делимый граф</kwd><kwd>остовное дерево</kwd><kwd>полное остовное дерево</kwd><kwd>минимальное остовное дерево</kwd><kwd>NP-полнота</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple graph</kwd><kwd>multiple tree</kwd><kwd>divisible graph</kwd><kwd>spanning tree</kwd><kwd>complete spanning tree</kwd><kwd>minimum spanning tree</kwd><kwd>NP-completeness</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках инициативной НИР ЯрГУ им. П. Г. Демидова № VIP-016</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by P. G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University Project № VIP-016</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Shortest Path Problem for a Multiple Graph”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 625–633, 2018. doi: 10.3103/S0146411618070234.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Shortest Path Problem for a Multiple Graph”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 625–633, 2018. doi: 10.3103/S0146411618070234.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Spanning Tree of a Divisible Multiple Graph”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 871–879, 2018. doi: 10.3103/S0146411618070325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Spanning Tree of a Divisible Multiple Graph”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 871–879, 2018. doi: 10.3103/S0146411618070325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. B. Kruskal, “On the Shortest Spanning Subtree of a Graph and the Traveling Salesman Problem”, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48–50, 1956. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078686-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. B. Kruskal, “On the Shortest Spanning Subtree of a Graph and the Traveling Salesman Problem”, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 48–50, 1956. doi: 10.1090/S0002-9939-1956-0078686-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd. ‘e MIT Press, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd. ‘e MIT Press, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Berge, Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Berge, Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, “Metagraphs in workƒow support systems”, Decision Support Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 199–208, 1999. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9236(99)00006-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, “Metagraphs in workƒow support systems”, Decision Support Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 199–208, 1999. doi: 10.1016/S0167-9236(99)00006-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, Metagraphs and Their Applications, ser. Integrated Series in Information Systems. Springer US, 2007, vol. 15.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, Metagraphs and Their Applications, ser. Integrated Series in Information Systems. Springer US, 2007, vol. 15.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. S. Rublev and A. V. Smirnov, “Flows in Multiple Networks”, Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky Vestnik, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60–68, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. S. Rublev and A. V. Smirnov, “Flows in Multiple Networks”, Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky Vestnik, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60–68, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Finding the Maximum Multiple Flow in the Divisible Network and its Special Cases”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 527–535, 2016. doi: 10.3103/S0146411616070191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Finding the Maximum Multiple Flow in the Divisible Network and its Special Cases”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 527–535, 2016. doi: 10.3103/S0146411616070191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson, Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press, 1962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson, Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press, 1962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. S. Roublev and A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Integer-Valued Balancing of a Three-Dimensional Matrix and Algorithms of Its Solution”, Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 72–98, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. S. Roublev and A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Integer-Valued Balancing of a Three-Dimensional Matrix and Algorithms of Its Solution”, Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 72–98, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “Network Model for the Problem of Integer Balancing of a Four-Dimensional Matrix”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 558–566, 2017. doi: 10.3103/S0146411617070185.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “Network Model for the Problem of Integer Balancing of a Four-Dimensional Matrix”, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 558–566, 2017. doi: 10.3103/S0146411617070185.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and Intractability: A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness. W. H. Freeman and Company, 1979.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Karp, “Reducibility among combinatorial problems”, in Complexity of Computer Computations, R. E. Miller and J. W. ‘atcher, Eds., Plenum, 1972, pp. 85–103. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. Karp, “Reducibility among combinatorial problems”, in Complexity of Computer Computations, R. E. Miller and J. W. ‘atcher, Eds., Plenum, 1972, pp. 85–103. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4684-2001-2_9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
