<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2023-3-264-282</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-1804</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Algorithms</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Алгоритмы для задач об эйлеровом цикле и эйлеровой цепи в кратном графе</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>The algorithms for the Eulerian cycle and Eulerian trail problems for a multiple graph</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0980-2507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Александр Валерьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">alexander_sm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ярославский государственный университет им. П.Г. Демидова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>264</fpage><lpage>282</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнов А.В., 2023</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1804">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1804</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются неориентированные кратные графы произвольной натуральной кратности $k&gt;1$. Кратный граф содержит ребра трех типов: обычные, кратные и мультиребра. Ребра последних двух типов представляют собой объединение $k$ связанных ребер, которые соединяют 2 или $(k+1)$ вершину соответственно. Связанные ребра могут использоваться только согласованно. Если вершина инцидентна кратному ребру, то она может быть инцидентна другим кратным ребрам, а также она может быть общим концом $k$ связанных ребер мультиребра. Если вершина является общим концом мультиребра, то она не может быть общим концом никакого другого мультиребра. Ставится задача об эйлеровом маршруте (цикле или цепи) в кратном графе, которая обобщает классическую задачу для обычного графа. Сформулированы необходимые условия существования эйлерова маршрута в кратном графе, показано, что эти условия не являются достаточными. Кроме того, показано, что для произвольного кратного графа необходимые условия существования эйлерова цикла и эйлеровой цепи не являются взаимоисключающими, поэтому можно построить кратный граф, в котором одновременно существуют два вида эйлеровых маршрутов. Кратному графу сопоставляется обычный граф с квазивершинами, в упрощенном виде представляющий структуру исходного графа. В частности, каждому эйлерову маршруту в кратном графе соответствует эйлеров маршрут в графе с квазивершинами. Формулируется алгоритм построения такого графа. Также рассмотрена вспомогательная задача о покрывающих цепях с заданными концами в обычном графе, получены два алгоритма ее решения. Разработан алгоритм поиска эйлерова маршрута в кратном графе экспоненциальной трудоемкости. Для частного случая кратного графа предложен полиномиальный алгоритм, показано, что в этом частном случае необходимые условия существования эйлерова маршрута являются достаточными.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, we study undirected multiple graphs of any natural multiplicity $k&gt;1$. There are edges of three types: ordinary edges, multiple edges and multi-edges. Each edge of the last two types is a union of $k$ linked edges, which connect 2 or $(k+1)$ vertices, correspondingly. The linked edges should be used simultaneously. If a vertex is incident to a multiple edge, it can be also incident to other multiple edges and it can be the common end of $k$ linked edges of some multi-edge. If a vertex is the common end of some multi-edge, it cannot be the common end of another multi-edge. We set the problem of finding the eulerian walk (the cycle or the trail) in a multiple graph, which generalizes the classical problem for an ordinary graph. We formulate the necessary conditions for existence of an eulerian walk in a multiple graph and show that these conditions are not sufficient. Besides that, we show that the necessary conditions of existence of an eulerian cycle and eulerian trail are not mutually exclusive for an arbitrary multiple graph, that is why it is possible to construct a multiple graph where two types of eulerian walks exist simultaneously. Any multiple graph can be juxtaposed to the ordinary graph with quasi-vertices, which represents the structure of the initial graph in a simpler form. In particular, each eulerian walk in the multiple graph corresponds to the eulerian walk in the graph with quasi-vertices. The algorithm for getting such a graph is formulated. Also, the auxiliary problem of finding the covering trails with given endpoints in an ordinary graph is studied. Two algorithms are obtained for this problem. We elaborate the algorithm for finding the eulerian walk in a multiple graph, which has the exponential complexity. We suggest the polynomial algorithm for the special case of a multiple graph and show that the necessary conditions are sufficient for existence of an eulerian walk in this special case.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кратный граф</kwd><kwd>кратный путь</kwd><kwd>делимый граф</kwd><kwd>множество достижимости</kwd><kwd>покрывающие цепи</kwd><kwd>эйлерова цепь</kwd><kwd>эйлеров цикл</kwd><kwd>граф с квазивершинами</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple graph</kwd><kwd>multiple path</kwd><kwd>divisible graph</kwd><kwd>reachability set</kwd><kwd>covering trails</kwd><kwd>eulerian trail</kwd><kwd>eulerian cycle</kwd><kwd>graph with quasi-vertices</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ЯрГУ (проект VIP-016).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State University (project VIP-016).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Shortest Path Problem for a Multiple Graph,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 625–633, 2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Shortest Path Problem for a Multiple Graph,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 625–633, 2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd ed. The MIT Press, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. H. Cormen, C. E. Leiserson, R. L. Rivest, and C. Stein, Introduction to Algorithms, 3rd ed. The MIT Press, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 2009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Berge, Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Berge, Graphs and Hypergraphs. North-Holland Publishing Company, 1973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, “Metagraphs in workflow support systems,” Decision Support Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 199–208, 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, “Metagraphs in workflow support systems,” Decision Support Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 199–208, 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, Metagraphs and Their Applications, vol. 15. Springer US, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Basu and R. W. Blanning, Metagraphs and Their Applications, vol. 15. Springer US, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. S. Rublev and A. V. Smirnov, “Flows in Multiple Networks,” Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky Vestnik, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60–68, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. S. Rublev and A. V. Smirnov, “Flows in Multiple Networks,” Yaroslavsky Pedagogichesky Vestnik, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 60–68, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Finding the Maximum Multiple Flow in the Divisible Network and its Special Cases,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 527–535, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Finding the Maximum Multiple Flow in the Divisible Network and its Special Cases,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 527–535, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson, Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press, 1962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. R. Ford and D. R. Fulkerson, Flows in Networks. Princeton University Press, 1962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. S. Roublev and A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Integer-Valued Balancing of a Three-Dimensional Matrix and Algorithms of Its Solution,” Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 72–98, 2010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. S. Roublev and A. V. Smirnov, “The Problem of Integer-Valued Balancing of a Three-Dimensional Matrix and Algorithms of Its Solution,” Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 72–98, 2010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “Network Model for the Problem of Integer Balancing of a Four-Dimensional Matrix,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 558–566, 2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “Network Model for the Problem of Integer Balancing of a Four-Dimensional Matrix,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 558–566, 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “Spanning tree of a multiple graph,” Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 850–869, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “Spanning tree of a multiple graph,” Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 850–869, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “The Optimized Algorithm of Finding the Shortest Path in a Multiple Graph,” Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 6–15, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “The Optimized Algorithm of Finding the Shortest Path in a Multiple Graph,” Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 6–15, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. V. Smirnov, “NP-Completeness of the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem of a Multiple Graph of Multiplicity $k geqslant 3$,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 788–799, 2022.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. V. Smirnov, “NP-Completeness of the Minimum Spanning Tree Problem of a Multiple Graph of Multiplicity $k geqslant 3$,” Automatic Control and Computer Sciences, vol. 56, no. 7, pp. 788–799, 2022.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. Euler, “Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis,” Commentarii Academiae Petropolitanae, vol. 8, pp. 128–140, 1741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. Euler, “Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis,” Commentarii Academiae Petropolitanae, vol. 8, pp. 128–140, 1741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Hierholzer, “Über die M‘oglichkeit, einen Linienzug ohne Wiederholung und ohne Unterbrechung zu umfahren,” Mathematische Annalen, vol. 6, pp. 30–32, 1873.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Hierholzer, “Über die M‘oglichkeit, einen Linienzug ohne Wiederholung und ohne Unterbrechung zu umfahren,” Mathematische Annalen, vol. 6, pp. 30–32, 1873.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Fleury, “Deux probl`emes de g'eom'etrie de situation,” Journal de math'ematiques 'el'ementaires, vol. 2, pp. 257–261, 1883.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Fleury, “Deux probl`emes de g'eom'etrie de situation,” Journal de math'ematiques 'el'ementaires, vol. 2, pp. 257–261, 1883.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">F. Harary, Graph theory. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">F. Harary, Graph theory. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M.-C. Cai and H. Fleischner, “An Eulerian Trail Traversing Specified Edges in Given Order,” Journal of Graph Theory, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 137–144, 1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M.-C. Cai and H. Fleischner, “An Eulerian Trail Traversing Specified Edges in Given Order,” Journal of Graph Theory, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 137–144, 1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M.-C. Cai, “An Algorithm for an Eulerian Trail Traversing Specified Edges in Given Order,” Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 233–239, 1994.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M.-C. Cai, “An Algorithm for an Eulerian Trail Traversing Specified Edges in Given Order,” Discrete Applied Mathematics, vol. 55, no. 3, pp. 233–239, 1994.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">J. Abrham and A. Kotzig, “Transformations of Euler Tours,” Annals of Discrete Mathematics, vol. 8, pp. 65–69, 1980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">J. Abrham and A. Kotzig, “Transformations of Euler Tours,” Annals of Discrete Mathematics, vol. 8, pp. 65–69, 1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
