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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2024-2-206-220</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-1855</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Artificial Intelligence</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ключевые слова, морфемные разборы и синтаксические деревья в задаче оценки сложности текста</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Keywords, morpheme parsing and syntactic trees: features for text complexity assessment</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4464-1355</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">morozowdm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1082-0584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смаль</surname><given-names>Иван Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smal</surname><given-names>Ivan A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vanasmal@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4527-2268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гарипов</surname><given-names>Тимур Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garipov</surname><given-names>Timur A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">garipov154@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8409-6457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глазкова</surname><given-names>Анна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glazkova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">a.v.glazkova@utmn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Novosibirsk National Research State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Тюменский государственный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>University of Tyumen</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>220</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Морозов Д.А., Смаль И.А., Гарипов Т.А., Глазкова А.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Морозов Д.А., Смаль И.А., Гарипов Т.А., Глазкова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Morozov D.A., Smal I.A., Garipov T.A., Glazkova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1855">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1855</self-uri><abstract><p>Задача оценки сложности текста является актуальной прикладной задачей с потенциальным применением при составлении юридических документов, редактуре учебников и подборе книг для внеклассного чтения. Способы формирования признакового описания при автоматической оценке сложности текста достаточно разнообразны. Ранние подходы опирались на легко вычислимые величины, такие как средняя длина предложения или среднее число слогов в слове. С развитием алгоритмов обработки естественного языка расширяется и пространство используемых признаков. В рамках настоящей работы мы исследовали три группы признаков: 1) автоматически генерируемые ключевые слова, 2) сведения об особенностях морфемного разбора слов и 3) информацию о разнообразии, разветвлённости и глубине синтаксических деревьев. Для генерации ключевых слов использован алгоритм RuTermExtract, для генерации морфемных разборов — свёрточная нейросетевая модель, для генерации синтаксических деревьев — модель Stanza, обученная на корпусе SynTagRus. Мы провели сравнение на материале четырёх различных моделей машинного обучения и четырёх аннотированных русскоязычных корпусов текстов. Использованные корпусы различаются как по домену, так и по парадигме разметки, благодаря чему полученные результаты объективнее отражают реальную связь характеристик и сложности текста. Использование ключевые слова показало в среднем результат хуже, чем использование тематических маркеров, получаемых при помощи латентного размещения Дирихле. Морфемные характеристики оказались в большинстве ситуаций эффективнее ранее описанных способов оценки лексической сложности текста: учёта частотности слов и встречаемости словообразовательных паттернов. Использование обширного набора синтаксических признаков позволило в большинстве случаев улучшить качество работы нейросетевых моделей в сравнении с ранее описанным набором.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The text complexity assessment is an applied problem of current interest with potential application in the drafting of legal documents, editing textbooks, and selecting books for extracurricular reading. The methods for generating a feature vector when automatically assessing the text complexity are quite diverse. Early approaches relied on easily calculable quantities, such as the average length of a sentence or the average number of syllables per word. With the development of natural language processing algorithms, the space of used features is expanding. In this work, we examined three groups of features: 1) automatically generated keywords, 2) information about the features of morphemic word parsing, and 3) information about the diversity, branching, and depth of syntactic trees. The RuTermExtract algorithm was utilized to generate keywords, a convolutional neural network model was used to generate morphemic parses, and the Stanza model, trained on the SynTagRus corpus, was used to generate syntax trees. We conducted a comparison using four different machine learning algorithms and four annotated Russian-language text corpora. The corpora used differ both in the domain and markup paradigm, due to which the results obtained more objectively reflect the real relationship between the characteristics and the text complexity. The use of keywords performed worse on average than the use of topic markers obtained using latent Dirichlet allocation. In most situations, morphemic characteristics turned out to be more effective than previously described methods for assessing the lexical complexity of a text: the frequency of words and the occurrence of word-formation patterns. The use of an extensive set of syntactic features allowed, in most cases, to improve the quality of work of neural network models in comparison with the previously described set.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сложность текста</kwd><kwd>генерация ключевых слов</kwd><kwd>генерация морфемных разборов</kwd><kwd>синтаксические деревья</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>text complexity</kwd><kwd>keyword generation</kwd><kwd>morpheme parsing generation</kwd><kwd>syntax trees</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. Flesch, “A new readability yardstick.,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 32, no. 3, p. 221, 1948.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">R. 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