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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2025-1-42-65</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-1915</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Artificial Intelligence</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Обзор моделей автоматической оценки сходства ответа учащегося с эталонным ответом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A survey of models for automatic assessment of similarity of student's answer to the reference answer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6137-8643</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагутина</surname><given-names>Надежда Станиславовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagutina</surname><given-names>Nadezhda S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">lagutinans@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1742-3240</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лагутина</surname><given-names>Ксения Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lagutina</surname><given-names>Ksenia V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">lagutinakv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ярославский государственный университет им. П.Г. Демидова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>32</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>42</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лагутина Н.С., Лагутина К.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лагутина Н.С., Лагутина К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lagutina N.S., Lagutina K.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1915">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/1915</self-uri><abstract><p>Разработка систем автоматического оценивания является актуальной задачей, призванной упростить рутинный труд учителя и ускорить обратную связь для учащегося. Обзор посвящён исследованиям в области автоматической оценки ответов учащихся на основе эталонного ответа учителя. Авторы работы проанализировали модели текстов, применяемые для задач автоматической оценки коротких ответов (ASAG) и автоматизированной оценки эссе (AES). Также принималось во внимание несколько подходов для задачи определения близости текстов, так как она является аналогичной задачей, и методы её решения могут быть полезны и для анализа ответов студентов. Модели текста можно разделить на несколько больших категорий. Первая — это лингвистические модели, основанные на разнообразных стилометрических характеристиках, как простых вроде мешка слов и n-грамм, так и сложных вроде синтаксических и семантических. Ко второй категории авторы отнесли нейросетевые модели, основанные на разнообразных эмбеддингах. В ней выделяются большие языковые модели как универсальные, популярные и качественные методы моделирования. Третья категория включает в себя комбинированные модели, которые объединяют в себе как лингвистические характеристики, так и нейросетевые эмбеддинги. Сравнение современных исследований по моделям, методам и метрикам качества показало, что тренды в предметной области совпадают с трендами в компьютерной лингвистике в целом. Большое количество авторов выбирают для решения своих задач большие языковые модели, но и стандартные характеристики остаются востребованными. Универсальный подход выделить нельзя, каждая подзадача требует отдельного выбора метода и настройки его параметров. Комбинированные и ансамблевые подходы позволяют достичь более высокого качества, чем остальные методы. В подавляющем большинстве работ исследуются тексты на английском языке. Однако успешные результаты для национальных языков также встречаются. Можно сделать вывод, что разработка и адаптация методов оценки ответов студентов на национальных языках является актуальной и перспективной задачей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The development of automatic assessment systems is a relevant task designed to simplify the routine work of a teacher and speed up feedback for a student. The survey is devoted to research in the field of automatic assessment of student answers based on a teacher's reference answer. The authors of the work analyzed text models used for the tasks of automatic assessment of short answers (ASAG) and automated essay assessment (AES). Several approaches were also taken into account for the task of determining the text similarity, since it is a close task, and the methods for solving it can also be useful for analyzing student answers. Text models can be divided into several large categories. The first is linguistic models based on various stylometric features, both simple ones like a bag of words and n-grams, and complex ones like syntactic and semantic ones. The authors attributed neural network models based on various embeddings to the second category. It highlights large language models as universal, popular and high-quality modeling methods. The third category includes combined models that unite both linguistic features and neural network embeddings. A comparison of modern studies on models, methods and quality metrics showed that the trends in the subject area coincide with the trends in computational linguistics in general. A large number of authors choose large language models to solve their problems, but standard features remain in demand. It is impossible to single out a universal approach; each subtask requires a separate choice of method and adjustment of its parameters. Combined and ensemble approaches allow achieving higher quality than other methods. The vast majority of studies examine texts in English. However, successful results for national languages ​​are also found. It can be concluded that the development and adaptation of methods for assessing students' answers in national languages ​​is a relevant and promising task.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обработка естественного языка</kwd><kwd>сходство текстов</kwd><kwd>классификация текстов</kwd><kwd>нейросетевые языковые модели</kwd><kwd>оценка ответов учащихся</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект в образовании</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>natural language processing</kwd><kwd>text similarity</kwd><kwd>text classification</kwd><kwd>neural network language models</kwd><kwd>assessing students' answers</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence in education</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда № 25-21-00196</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation (Project no. 25-21-00196).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">R. 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