<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2026-1-90-116</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-2006</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Theory of Computing</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Использование симметрии при программировании и верификации арбитра ресурсов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Using Symmetry in Programming and Verification of a Resource Arbiter</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6893-6137</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нейзов</surname><given-names>Максим Вячеславович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Neyzov</surname><given-names>Maxim V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Исследователь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Researcher</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">neyzov.max@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт автоматики и электрометрии СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Automation and Electrometry SB RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>90</fpage><lpage>116</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Нейзов М.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Нейзов М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Neyzov M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2006">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2006</self-uri><abstract><p>Большое пространство состояний программ затрудняет или делает невозможной их непосредственную верификацию методом проверки модели (model checking). Наличие симметрии в программе достаточно часто позволяет упростить модель и сократить её пространство состояний, что приводит к значительному снижению времени верификации. Классический подход состоит в обнаружении группы симметрии и построении на её основе фактормодели — упрощённой модели для верификации. Однако не все инструменты имеют поддержку симметрии, а инструменты с такой поддержкой не всегда справляются с поставленной задачей, так как поиск подходящей группы симметрии является вычислительно сложной задачей.</p><p>В работе предлагается альтернативный классическому подход к разработке программ, основанный на явном выделении симметрии. В программе выделяется ядро — координационный центр, который работает с учётом симметрии и отвечает за выполнимость заданных темпоральных свойств. Ядро координирует вычисления, вынесенные за его пределы — в обвязку ядра. В связи с этим ядро имеет небольшое пространство состояний, заменяет собой фактормодель и может быть верифицировано инструментом проверки модели без поддержки симметрии. Обвязка не может вмешиваться в работу верифицированного ядра и нарушать его свойства. Подход продемонстрирован на примере разработки и верификации арбитра ресурсов марсохода. Арбитр координирует доступ n процессов к m ресурсам, где n и m — натуральные числа. Используются язык программирования C/C++ и инструмент проверки модели Spin. Модель поведения ядра автоматически извлекается верификатором Spin из C-кода. Проверке подлежат темпоральные свойства, выраженные с помощью линейной темпоральной логики LTL.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The large states pace of programs makes their direct verification by model checking difficult or impossible. The presence of symmetry in a program often allows simplifying the model and reducing its state space, leading to significant decrease of verification time. The classical approach consists in detecting a symmetry group and constructing a quotient model based on it — a simplified model for verification purposes. However, not all tools provide support for symmetry, and those that do may still struggle because finding an appropriate symmetry group is computationally complex problem.</p><p>This work proposes an approach to program development based on explicit symmetry exploitation, which is an alternative to the classical one. In the program, a core is extracted — a coordination center working under consideration of symmetry and responsible for ensuring temporal properties. The core coordinates computations outside itself — those placed in the wrapper surrounding the core. As a result, the core has a small state space, replace the quotient model and allows verification using a model checker without symmetry support. The wrapper cannot interfere in the operation of the verified core and violate its properties. The approach is demonstrated by the example of the development and verification of the Mars rover resource arbiter. The arbiter coordinates access of n processes to m resources where both n and m are natural numbers. Programming languages C/C++ and the Spin model checker tool are used. The behavioral model of the core is automatically extracted by the Spin tool from the C code. Temporal properties expressed via Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) are subject to verification.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>темпоральные свойства</kwd><kwd>проверка модели</kwd><kwd>извлечение модели</kwd><kwd>верификатор Spin</kwd><kwd>язык C++</kwd><kwd>система переходов</kwd><kwd>ядро программы</kwd><kwd>индексный автомат</kwd><kwd>симуляция</kwd><kwd>бисимуляция</kwd><kwd>группа симметрии</kwd><kwd>фактормодель</kwd><kwd>орбита состояния</kwd><kwd>арбитр ресурсов марсохода</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>temporal properties</kwd><kwd>model checking</kwd><kwd>model extracting</kwd><kwd>Spin model checker</kwd><kwd>C++ language</kwd><kwd>transition system</kwd><kwd>program core</kwd><kwd>index automaton</kwd><kwd>simulation</kwd><kwd>bisimulation</kwd><kwd>symmetry group</kwd><kwd>quotient model</kwd><kwd>state orbit</kwd><kwd>arbiter of rover resources</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ИАиЭ СО РАН (проект №125022803031-1)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">IAaE SB RAS (Project No 125022803031-1)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Harel and A. Pnueli, “On the Development of Reactive Systems”, in Logics and Models of Concurrent Systems, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 477–498. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-82453-1_17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Harel and A. Pnueli, “On the Development of Reactive Systems”, in Logics and Models of Concurrent Systems, vol. 13, 1985, pp. 477–498. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-82453-1_17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Pnueli, “Applications of Temporal Logic to the Specification and Verification of Reactive Systems: A Survey of Current Trends”, in Current Trends in Concurrency, vol. 224, 1986, pp. 510–584. doi: 10.1007/BFb0027047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Pnueli, “Applications of Temporal Logic to the Specification and Verification of Reactive Systems: A Survey of Current Trends”, in Current Trends in Concurrency, vol. 224, 1986, pp. 510–584. doi: 10.1007/BFb0027047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">K. Schneider, J. Shabolt, and J. G. Taylor, Verification of Reactive Systems: Formal Methods and Algorithms (Texts in Theoretical Computer Science), 1st edition. Springer, 2004, isbn: 978-3-540-00296-3. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-10778-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">K. Schneider, J. Shabolt, and J. G. Taylor, Verification of Reactive Systems: Formal Methods and Algorithms (Texts in Theoretical Computer Science), 1st edition. Springer, 2004, isbn: 978-3-540-00296-3. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-10778-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Clarke, T. A. Henzinger, H. Veith, and R. Bloem, Handbook of Model Checking, 1st edition. Springer, 2018, p. 1212, isbn: 978-3-319-10574-1. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10575-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Clarke, T. A. Henzinger, H. Veith, and R. Bloem, Handbook of Model Checking, 1st edition. Springer, 2018, p. 1212, isbn: 978-3-319-10574-1. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-10575-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. Peled, Verification of Program Models: Model Checking. MCNMO, 2002, p. 416, translated from English to Russian, isbn: 5-94057-054-2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Clarke, O. Grumberg, and D. Peled, Verification of Program Models: Model Checking. MCNMO, 2002, p. 416, translated from English to Russian, isbn: 5-94057-054-2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. Baier and J.-P. Katoen, Principles of Model Checking. MIT Press, 2008, p. 975, isbn: 978-0-262-02649-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. Baier and J.-P. Katoen, Principles of Model Checking. MIT Press, 2008, p. 975, isbn: 978-0-262-02649-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, S. Jha, Y. Lu, and H. Veith, “Progress on the State Explosion Problem in Model Checking”, in Informatics: 10 Years Back, 10 Years Ahead, ser. LNCS, vol. 2000, 2001, pp. 176–194. doi: 10.1007/3-540-44577-3_12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. Clarke, O. Grumberg, S. Jha, Y. Lu, and H. Veith, “Progress on the State Explosion Problem in Model Checking”, in Informatics: 10 Years Back, 10 Years Ahead, ser. LNCS, vol. 2000, 2001, pp. 176–194. doi: 10.1007/3-540-44577-3_12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Clarke, E. A. Emerson, S. Jha, and A. P. Sistla, “Symmetry Reductions in Model Checking”, in Computer Aided Verification, 1998, pp. 147–158. doi: 10.1007/BFb0028741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Clarke, E. A. Emerson, S. Jha, and A. P. Sistla, “Symmetry Reductions in Model Checking”, in Computer Aided Verification, 1998, pp. 147–158. doi: 10.1007/BFb0028741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Clarke, R. Enders, T. Filkorn, and S. Jha, “Exploiting Symmetry in Temporal Logic Model Checking”, Formal Methods in System Design, vol. 9, no. 1–2, pp. 77–104, 1996. doi:10.1007/BF00625969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Clarke, R. Enders, T. Filkorn, and S. Jha, “Exploiting Symmetry in Temporal Logic Model Checking”, Formal Methods in System Design, vol. 9, no. 1–2, pp. 77–104, 1996. doi:10.1007/BF00625969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. Miller, A. Donaldson, and M. Calder, “Symmetry in Temporal Logic Model Checking”, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1–36, 2006. doi: 10.1145/1132960.1132962.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. Miller, A. Donaldson, and M. Calder, “Symmetry in Temporal Logic Model Checking”, ACM Computing Surveys, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 1–36, 2006. doi: 10.1145/1132960.1132962.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. A. Emerson and A. P. Sistla, “Symmetry and Model Checking”, Formal Methods in System Design, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 105–131, 1996. doi: 10.1007/BF00625970.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. A. Emerson and A. P. Sistla, “Symmetry and Model Checking”, Formal Methods in System Design, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 105–131, 1996. doi: 10.1007/BF00625970.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. Barner and O. Grumberg, “Combining Symmetry Reduction and Under-Approximation for Symbolic Model Checking”, in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, 2002, pp. 93–106. doi: 10.1007/3-540-45657-0_8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. Barner and O. Grumberg, “Combining Symmetry Reduction and Under-Approximation for Symbolic Model Checking”, in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, 2002, pp. 93–106. doi: 10.1007/3-540-45657-0_8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Tang, S. Malik, A. Gupta, and C. N. Ip, “Symmetry Reduction in SAT-Based Model Checking”, in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, ser. LNCS, vol. 3576, 2005, pp. 125–138. doi: 10.1007/11513988_12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Tang, S. Malik, A. Gupta, and C. N. Ip, “Symmetry Reduction in SAT-Based Model Checking”, in International Conference on Computer Aided Verification, ser. LNCS, vol. 3576, 2005, pp. 125–138. doi: 10.1007/11513988_12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. P. Sistla, “Employing Symmetry Reductions in Model Checking”, Computer Languages, Systems &amp; Structures, vol. 30, no. 3-4, pp. 99–137, 2004. doi: 10.1016/j.cl.2004.02.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. P. Sistla, “Employing Symmetry Reductions in Model Checking”, Computer Languages, Systems &amp; Structures, vol. 30, no. 3-4, pp. 99–137, 2004. doi: 10.1016/j.cl.2004.02.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">C. N. Ip and D. L. Dill, “Better Verification Through Symmetry”, in Computer Hardware Description Languages and their Applications, 1993, pp. 97–111. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-81641-2.50012-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">C. N. Ip and D. L. Dill, “Better Verification Through Symmetry”, in Computer Hardware Description Languages and their Applications, 1993, pp. 97–111. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-81641-2.50012-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">S. J. Zhang, J. Sun, C. Sun, Y. Liu, J. Ma, and J. S. Dong, Symmetry Detection for Model Checking, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">S. J. Zhang, J. Sun, C. Sun, Y. Liu, J. Ma, and J. S. Dong, Symmetry Detection for Model Checking, 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Leuschel and T. Massart, “Efficient Approximate Verification of B and Z Models via Symmetry Markers”, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 81–106, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s10472-010-9208-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Leuschel and T. Massart, “Efficient Approximate Verification of B and Z Models via Symmetry Markers”, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 81–106, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s10472-010-9208-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. P. Sistla, V. Gyuris, and E. A. Emerson, “SMC: A Symmetry-Based Model Checker for Verification of Safety and Liveness Properties”, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM), vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 133–166, 2000. doi: 10.1145/350887.350891.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. P. Sistla, V. Gyuris, and E. A. Emerson, “SMC: A Symmetry-Based Model Checker for Verification of Safety and Liveness Properties”, ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM), vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 133–166, 2000. doi: 10.1145/350887.350891.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. P. Sistla and P. Godefroid, “Symmetry and Reduced Symmetry in Model Checking”, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 702–734, 2004. doi: 10.1145/1011508.1011511.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. P. Sistla and P. Godefroid, “Symmetry and Reduced Symmetry in Model Checking”, ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 702–734, 2004. doi: 10.1145/1011508.1011511.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Donaldson and A. Miller, “Automatic Symmetry Detection for Model Checking Using Computational Group Theory”, in International Symposium on Formal Methods, 2005, pp. 481–496. doi: 10.1007/11526841_32.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Donaldson and A. Miller, “Automatic Symmetry Detection for Model Checking Using Computational Group Theory”, in International Symposium on Formal Methods, 2005, pp. 481–496. doi: 10.1007/11526841_32.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">I. Valkov, A. F. Donaldson, and A. Miller, “Synchronisation in Language-Level Symmetry Reduction for Probabilistic Model Checking”, in International Symposium on Model Checking Software, Springer, 2024, pp. 49–66. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-66149-5_3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. Valkov, A. F. Donaldson, and A. Miller, “Synchronisation in Language-Level Symmetry Reduction for Probabilistic Model Checking”, in International Symposium on Model Checking Software, Springer, 2024, pp. 49–66. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-66149-5_3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A. F. Donaldson and A. Miller, “Exact and Approximate Strategies for Symmetry Reduction in Model Checking”, in International Symposium on Formal Methods, 2006, pp. 541–556. doi: 10.1007/11813040_</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">A. F. Donaldson and A. Miller, “Exact and Approximate Strategies for Symmetry Reduction in Model Checking”, in International Symposium on Formal Methods, 2006, pp. 541–556. doi: 10.1007/11813040_</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">T. Gibson-Robinson and G. Lowe, “Symmetry Reduction in CSP Model Checking”, International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 567–605, 2019. doi:10.1007/s10009-019-00516-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">T. Gibson-Robinson and G. Lowe, “Symmetry Reduction in CSP Model Checking”, International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 567–605, 2019. doi:10.1007/s10009-019-00516-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. M. Jaghoori, M. Sirjani, M. R. Mousavi, E. Khamespanah, and A. Movaghar, “Symmetry and Partial Order Reduction Techniques in Model Checking Rebeca”, Acta Informatica, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 33–66, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s00236-009-0111-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. M. Jaghoori, M. Sirjani, M. R. Mousavi, E. Khamespanah, and A. Movaghar, “Symmetry and Partial Order Reduction Techniques in Model Checking Rebeca”, Acta Informatica, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 33–66, 2010. doi: 10.1007/s00236-009-0111-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. Leuschel, M. Butler, C. Spermann, and E. Turner, “Symmetry Reduction for B by Permutation Flooding”, in International Conference of B Users, vol. 4355, 2007, pp. 79–93. doi: 10.1007/11955757_9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. Leuschel, M. Butler, C. Spermann, and E. Turner, “Symmetry Reduction for B by Permutation Flooding”, in International Conference of B Users, vol. 4355, 2007, pp. 79–93. doi: 10.1007/11955757_9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. Antuña, D. Araiza-Illan, S. Campos, and K. Eder, “Symmetry Reduction Enables Model Checking of More Complex Emergent Behaviours of Swarm Navigation Algorithms”, in Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, vol. 9287, 2015, pp. 26–37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22416-9_4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">L. Antuña, D. Araiza-Illan, S. Campos, and K. Eder, “Symmetry Reduction Enables Model Checking of More Complex Emergent Behaviours of Swarm Navigation Algorithms”, in Towards Autonomous Robotic Systems, vol. 9287, 2015, pp. 26–37. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-22416-9_4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">I. Buzhinsky and A. Pakonen, “Model-Checking Detailed Fault-Tolerant Nuclear Power Plant Safety Functions”, IEEE Access, vol. 7, 162139–162156, 2019. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2951938.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. Buzhinsky and A. Pakonen, “Model-Checking Detailed Fault-Tolerant Nuclear Power Plant Safety Functions”, IEEE Access, vol. 7, 162139–162156, 2019. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2951938.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">I. Buzhinsky and A. Pakonen, “Symmetry Breaking in Model Checking of Fault-Tolerant Nuclear Instrumentation and Control Systems”, IEEE Access, vol. 8, 197684–197694, 2020. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3034799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">I. Buzhinsky and A. Pakonen, “Symmetry Breaking in Model Checking of Fault-Tolerant Nuclear Instrumentation and Control Systems”, IEEE Access, vol. 8, 197684–197694, 2020. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3034799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">E. M. Clarke and E. A. Emerson, “Design and Synthesis of Synchronization Skeletons Using Branching Time Temporal Logic”, in 25 Years of Model Checking: History, Achievements, Perspectives, ser. LNCS, vol. 5000, 2008, pp. 196–215, isbn: 978-3-540-69849-4. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69850-0_12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">E. M. Clarke and E. A. Emerson, “Design and Synthesis of Synchronization Skeletons Using Branching Time Temporal Logic”, in 25 Years of Model Checking: History, Achievements, Perspectives, ser. LNCS, vol. 5000, 2008, pp. 196–215, isbn: 978-3-540-69849-4. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-69850-0_12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D. Park, “Concurrency and Automata on Infinite Sequences”, in Theoretical Computer Science: 5th GI-Conference Karlsruhe, vol. 104, 1981, pp. 167–183. doi: 10.1007/BFb0017309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D. Park, “Concurrency and Automata on Infinite Sequences”, in Theoretical Computer Science: 5th GI-Conference Karlsruhe, vol. 104, 1981, pp. 167–183. doi: 10.1007/BFb0017309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. J. Holzmann and R. Joshi, “Model-Driven Software Verification”, in International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking of Software, Springer, vol. 2989, 2004, pp. 76–91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-24732-6_6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G. J. Holzmann and R. Joshi, “Model-Driven Software Verification”, in International SPIN Workshop on Model Checking of Software, Springer, vol. 2989, 2004, pp. 76–91. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-24732-6_6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">V. M. Glushkov, The Synthesis of Digital Automata. Moscow: PhisMathGis, 1962, p. 476, in Russian.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">V. M. Glushkov, The Synthesis of Digital Automata. Moscow: PhisMathGis, 1962, p. 476, in Russian.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. V. Neyzov and E. V. Kuzmin, “LTL-Specification for Development and Verification of Logical Control Programs in Feedback Systems”, Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 240–279, 2024. doi: 10.18255/1818-1015-2024-3-240-279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">M. V. Neyzov and E. V. Kuzmin, “LTL-Specification for Development and Verification of Logical Control Programs in Feedback Systems”, Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 240–279, 2024. doi: 10.18255/1818-1015-2024-3-240-279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G. Holzmann, SPIN Model Checker: The Primer and Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley, 2003, p. 608, isbn: 0-321-22862-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G. Holzmann, SPIN Model Checker: The Primer and Reference Manual. Addison-Wesley, 2003, p. 608, isbn: 0-321-22862-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
