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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mais</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Моделирование и анализ информационных систем</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Modeling and Analysis of Information Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1818-1015</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2313-5417</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Yaroslavl State University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18255/1818-1015-2026-2-206-229</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mais-2093</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Computing Methodologies and Applications</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модель прямоугольного шума на основе телеграфного процесса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Model of square wave noise based on telegraph process</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0610-5466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Быстров</surname><given-names>Леонид Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bystrov</surname><given-names>Leonid Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">l.bystrov@uniyar.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0211-5660</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гладков</surname><given-names>Артемий Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gladkov</surname><given-names>Artemy N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">a.gladkov@uniyar.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0500-306X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Егор Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>Egor V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">kuzmin@uniyar.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ярославский государственный университет им. П.Г. Демидова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>P.G. Demidov Yaroslavl State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>33</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>229</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Быстров Л.Ю., Гладков А.Н., Кузьмин Е.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Быстров Л.Ю., Гладков А.Н., Кузьмин Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bystrov L.Y., Gladkov A.N., Kuzmin E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2093">https://www.mais-journal.ru/jour/article/view/2093</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье решается задача математического моделирования прямоугольного шума в электромагнитных сигналах, в частности на вихретоковых дефектограммах, для генерации качественных синтетических выборок при обучении алгоритмов машинного обучения для обнаружения и подавления прямоугольного шума в данных. Проведено комплексное исследование наивных моделей: детерминированного прямоугольного сигнала, прямоугольного сигнала с белым шумом и телеграфного процесса с белым шумом. Центральным объектом исследования является модель телеграфного процесса с белым шумом. Для этой модели аналитически выведены стационарные характеристики: функция плотности предельного распределения и автокорреляционная функция. Для оценки параметров модели впервые предложен и реализован полностью байесовский подход, использующий сэмплирование по Гиббсу и алгоритм прямой фильтрации и обратного сэмплирования (FFBS) для эффективного маргинализирования скрытых марковских состояний. Алгоритм быстро сходится, и к 1500-й итерации сэмплирования общая дисперсия параметров падает до значения $1e{-}6$. Установлено, что классические модели обладают фундаментальными ограничениями из-за несоответствующего реальности допущения о строгом постоянстве периода и скважности. Показано, что телеграфный процесс решает проблему стохастичности длительностей импульсов, однако игнорирование непрерывности переходных фронтов приводит к математическому артефакту — смещению мод теоретического предельного распределения по сравнению с эмпирическим. Также продемонстрировано, что отсутствие механизма низкочастотной фильтрации лишает автокорреляционную функцию модели характерной осциллирующей компоненты. Экспериментальное подтверждение значимости этих факторов обосновывает направление для дальнейших исследований — разработку модифицированных стохастических моделей, интегрирующих механизмы плавного переключения состояний для адекватного имитационного моделирования прямоугольного шума. В качестве эмпирической базы для тестирования моделей выступали вихретоковые дефектограммы рельсов. Тем не менее, разработанный математический аппарат может успешно использоваться для моделирования прямоугольного шума в других видах электромагнитных сигналах, например в ЭКГ и в магнитотеллурическом зондировании.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article addresses the problem of mathematical modeling of square wave noise in electromagnetic signals, particularly in eddy current defectograms, to generate high-quality synthetic samples for training machine learning algorithms to detect and suppress square wave noise in data. A comprehensive study of naive models is conducted: a deterministic square wave signal, a square wave signal with white noise, and a telegraph process with white noise. The telegraph process with white noise serves as the central object of the study. For this model, stationary characteristics are analytically derived: the limiting probability density function and the autocorrelation function. To estimate the model parameters, a fully Bayesian approach is proposed and implemented for the first time, utilizing Gibbs sampling and the Forward Filtering Backward Sampling (FFBS) algorithm to efficiently marginalize the hidden Markov states. The parameter estimation algorithm converges rapidly, reaching an overall variance of $1e{-}6$ value by the 1500th iteration. It is established that classical models possess fundamental limitations due to the unrealistic assumption of a strictly constant period and duty cycle. It is shown that while the telegraph process resolves the issue of stochastic pulse durations, ignoring the continuity of transition fronts leads to a mathematical artifact — a shift in the modes of the theoretical limiting distribution compared to the empirical one. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the absence of a low-pass filtering mechanism deprives the model's autocorrelation function of its characteristic oscillating component. The experimental confirmation of the significance of these factors justifies the direction for further research: the development of modified stochastic models integrating smooth state-switching mechanisms for the adequate simulation of square wave noise. Eddy current rail defectograms served as the empirical base for testing the models. Nevertheless, the developed mathematical framework can be successfully applied to model square wave noise in other types of electromagnetic signals, such as in ECG and magnetotelluric sounding.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>прямоугольный шум</kwd><kwd>случайный телеграфный шум</kwd><kwd>взрывной шум</kwd><kwd>телеграфный процесс</kwd><kwd>вихретоковая дефектоскопия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>square wave noise</kwd><kwd>random telegraph noise</kwd><kwd>burst noise</kwd><kwd>telegraph process</kwd><kwd>eddy current testing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">ЯрГУ (проект VIP-021)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Yaroslavl State University (project VIP-021)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">L. Y. Bystrov, A. N. Gladkov, and E. V. 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